ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ

A graph, with quantity on the X-axis and price on the X-axis. A red curve sloping downwards from left to right, labeled D, intersects a blue curve sloping Howard's from left to right, labeled S. The D curve is shifting to the right. — ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱵᱽ, ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱤᱫᱤᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾( ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱵᱽ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ-ᱟ ;ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ )᱾ :::::> ᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱨᱫᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤᱜ-ᱟ (P1 -> P2) ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤᱜ-ᱟ (Q1 -> Q2) ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱵᱽ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ᱚᱥᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱵᱽ(D1)ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮᱢ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ,ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾

ᱢᱤᱫ-ᱡᱩᱫᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱳᱤᱠᱳᱱᱳᱢᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ-ᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱟᱵᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ-ᱟ(↑), ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱜᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ (↓); ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ,ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ (↓), ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱤᱫᱤ-ᱟ (↑)" ᱾ ^[᱑]ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱦᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ-ᱟ ᱾ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱣᱴᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱮᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱯᱤᱪᱷ $᱗᱐ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱭ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱮᱫᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱠᱤᱞᱳ ᱯᱤᱪᱷ $᱘᱐ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ-ᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱣᱴᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱡᱜᱟᱹᱨ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱪᱮᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱜᱚᱨᱟᱠᱷ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟᱭ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ-ᱟ ᱾^[᱒] ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱴᱦᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱰᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱯᱦᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱵᱞᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ

ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱤᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱦᱮᱜᱮᱫᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ:

Q_{x} = f (P_{x}; 𝐘), \partial f / \partial P_{x} < 0,

ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱨᱮ $Q_{x}$ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ $x$ , $P_{x}$ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱢ, $f$ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ, $\partial f / \partial P_{x}$ ᱫᱚ $P_{x}$ ᱡᱚᱥᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱛᱨᱟ ᱥᱮᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ $𝐘$ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ^[᱑]

ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ $x$ -ᱰᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ( $Q_{x}$ ) ᱟᱨ $y$ -ᱰᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱢ ( $P_{x}$ ) ᱪᱤᱱᱷᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱵ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ-ᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱨᱵ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱟᱬ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱮᱫ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱟᱬ ᱟᱬᱜᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾